LABORATORY TESTS AND DIAGNOSTIC PROCEDURES WITH NURSING DIAGNOSES This title has been archived.
Author: Jane Corbett, RN, EdD
Publisher: Pearson Health Science
Publication Date: 2008
Publisher: Pearson Health Science
Publication Date: 2008
ISBN 10: 0131597000
ISBN 13: 9780131597006
Edition: 7th
ISBN 13: 9780131597006
Edition: 7th
Description:
Written by a highly respected author in the lab and diagnostic test field, this reference explains in detail the clinical significance of tests and diagnostic procedures. Its comprehensive coverage is augmented by a strong emphasis on nursing care as applied to lab and diagnostic tests, and on the relationship between nursing diagnoses and nursing care. Both scholarly and practical, it is ideal for use in both classroom and clinical settings. Each chapter is organized as an independent study unit-complete with objectives, an organizing theme with background information (called an expository organizer), and test questions. Topics addressed include using laboratory data, a complete series of tests including Hematology, Routine Urinalysis and Renal Function Tests, Commonly Measured Electrolytes, Arterial Blood Gases, Tests to Measure the Metabolism of Glucose, Lipid Metabolism and Other Cardiac Risk Factors, Bilirubin, Tests to Measure Enzymes and Cardiac Markers, Serologic, Endocrine and Culture and Sensitivity Tests and more. Plus case studies.
Table of Contents
Front Matter
PART I LABORATORY TESTS
- Objectives
- Laboratory Reports and the Nursing Process
- Nursing Functions in Laboratory Testing, Including Point-of-Care Testing
- “Normal” Reference Values and the Variability of Test Results
- False-Positive Tests and False-Negative Tests
- New Technology for Diagnostic Testing
- Establishing the “Normal” Value
- Measurements in Laboratory Reports
- Metabolic Panels and Other Screening Tests
- Laboratory Personnel
- QUESTIONS
- References
- Websites
- Objectives
- Red Blood Cell Count
- Hematocrit
- Hemoglobin
- Home Test for Hemoglobin
- Methemoglobin
- Erythrocyte Indices
- Red Blood Cell Distribution Width
- Serum Folic Acid and Vitamin B12
- Methylmalonic Acid (MMA) and Homocysteine Levels
- Serum Iron Levels, Total Iron-Binding Capacity, Transferrin Saturation, and Serum Ferritin Levels
- Glucose-6-Phosphate-Dehydrogenase
- Reticulocyte Count
- Erythropoietin Assay
- EPO Urine Test as Drug Screen
- Peripheral Blood Smear
- Erythrocyte Sedimentation Rate or Sed Rate
- Total White Blood Cell Count and Differential
- Lymphocyte Immunophenotyping by Cluster of Differentiation (CD)
- QUESTIONS
- References
- Website
- Objectives
- Collection of Urine Specimens
- Color of Urine
- Odor of Urine
- pH of the Urine
- Specific Gravity of the Urine
- Protein in the Urine (Proteinuria)
- Sugar in the Urine (Glycosuria)
- Ketones in the Urine
- Nitrites
- Leukocyte Esterase
- Examination of Urine Sediment (Microscopic Exam)
- Urinary Porphyrins
- Delta-Aminolevulinic Acid
- Urinary 5-Hydroxyindoleacetic Acid for Serotonin
- Collection of 24-Hour Urine Specimens
- QUESTIONS
- References
- Objectives
- Blood Urea Nitrogen or Serum Urea Nitrogen
- BUN-to-Creatinine Ratio
- Urinary Urea Nitrogen and Nitrogen Balance
- Creatinine Levels in Serum
- Creatinine Clearance Test
- Estimation of GFR by Modification of Diet in Renal Disease (MDRD)
- Cystatin C and Beta-2-Microglobulin
- Serum and Urine Osmolality
- Uric Acid (Serum and Urine)
- QUESTIONS
- References
- Websites
- Objectives
- Purpose of Blood Gases
- Summary of Acid–Base Balance
- Arterial Blood Gases in General
- pH of the Blood
- Partial Pressure of Carbon Dioxide
- Serum Bicarbonate and Total Carbon Dioxide Content
- Partial Pressure of Oxygen
- Oxygen Saturation
- Capnographs and End-Tidal Carbon Dioxide
- Measuring Sublingual CO2 Levels
- CO-Oximetry or Multiwave Oximeters
- Lactic Acid or Blood Lactate
- QUESTIONS
- References
- Website
- Objectives
- Summary of Glucose Metabolism
- Changes in the Diagnosis and Classification of Diabetes Mellitus
- Fasting Blood Sugar or Plasma Glucose
- Postprandial Blood Sugar or 2-Hour P.C. Glucose
- Blood Glucose Monitoring Devices
- Oral Glucose Tolerance Test
- Glycohemoglobin and Hemoglobin A1C
- Fructosamine or Glycated Protein
- Serum Ketones
- Diabetes-Related Autoantibodies: Islet Cell, Glutamic Acid Decarboxylase (GAD) 65 and Insulin
- C-Peptide Levels
- Sugars Other Than Glucose in Urine
- Lactose Tolerance Test
- Serum Test for Galactosemia
- QUESTIONS
- References
- Website
- Objectives
- Serum Cholesterol
- Serum Triglycerides
- Lipoprotein Electrophoresis and LDL Subclasses
- High-Density Lipoprotein Cholesterol
- Ratio of Total Cholesterol to HDL
- Low-Density Lipoprotein Cholesterol
- Homocysteine Levels
- Lipoprotein (a) Levels [Lp(a)]
- Apolipoproteins A, B, and E
- Possible Risk Factors for Coronary Artery Disease
- QUESTIONS
- References
- Websites
- Objectives
- Functions of Albumin in the Serum
- Functions of Globulins in the Serum
- Serum Protein Electrophoresis
- Serum Albumin
- Pre-Albumin or Transthyretin
- Alpha-1-Antitrypsin or Alpha-1-Protease Inhibitor
- Phenotyping for Protease Inhibitor Genes
- Gamma Globulins
- Immunoelectrophoresis and Quantification of Serum Proteins: IgG, IgA, IgM, IgD, and IgE and Free Light Chains
- Urine Protein Electrophoresis and Immunoelectrophoresis
- Serum Ammonia
- Tumor Markers
- Alpha-Fetoprotein
- Beta-2-Microglobulin (B2M)
- Carcinoembryonic Antigen (CEA)
- CA 125 Antigen
- CA 15-3 and CA 27.29
- HER-2/NEU
- CA 19-9
- Prostate-Specific Antigen (PSA)
- Free PSA
- Bladder Tumor–Associated Antigen (BTA Test)
- NMP22
- Tissue Polypeptide Antigen (TPA)
- Tests for Cancer Using Proteomics and Genomics
- Genetic Screening for Cancer: (BRCA1, BRCA2, and HNPCC)
- QUESTIONS
- References
- Websites
- Objectives
- Alkaline Phosphatase
- γ-Glutamyl Transferase or γ-Glutamyl Transpeptidase
- Carbohydrate-Deficient Transferrin (CDT)
- Acid Phosphatase or Prostatic Acid Phosphatase (PAP)
- Alanine Aminotransferase (ALT) or Serum Glutamic-Pyruvic Transaminase (SGPT)
- Aspartate Aminotranferase (AST) or Serum Glutamic-Oxaloacetic Transaminase (SGOT)
- Creatine Kinase or Creatine Phosphokinase
- Lactic Dehydrogenase
- Troponins as Cardiac Markers
- Cardiac Analyzers as Point of Care
- Myoglobin
- Lipoprotein-Associated Phospholipase A2 (Lp-PLA2) and Other Risk Factors
- B-Natriuretic Peptide (BNP)
- Serum Aldolase
- Serum Amylase
- Urinary Amylase
- Serum Lipase
- QUESTIONS
- References
- Websites
- Objectives
- Coagulation Process
- Prothrombin Time
- Proteins Induced by Vitamin K Absence or Antagonism (PIVKA)
- Partial Thromboplastin Time (Activated) (aPTT)
- Antiphospholipid Antibodies: Lupus Anticoagulants and Anticardiolipin Antibodies
- Activated Clotting Time
- Tests for Low-Molecular-Weight Heparin
- Direct Thrombin Inhibitors Monitored by PTT
- Heparin Antifactor Xa Assay (Anti-Xa)
- Hemophilia Tests: Factors VIII and IX
- Screening for von Willebrand Disease
- Platelet Count and Mean Platelet Volume
- Clot Retraction Test
- Fibrinogen
- Fibrinogen Degradation Products or Fibrin Split Products
- D-Dimer Screen: ELISA and Latex Agglutination Slide Test
- Thrombin Time: Fibrinogen Screen, Thrombin Clotting Time with Reptilase
- Plasminogen Assay
- Proteins C and S Anticoagulant System
- Factor V Leiden
- Occult Blood Testing in Various Specimens
- Screening Tests to Detect Colorectal Cancer
- QUESTION
- References
- Websites
- Objectives
- Common Techniques in Serologic Testing
- Screening Blood for Transfusions
- ABO Grouping
- Rh Factor
- Rh Antibody Titer Test
- Direct Antiglobulin (Coombs’ Test) or RBC Antibody Screen
- Antibody Screening Test (Indirect Coombs’)
- Microbiologic Serologic Tests
- Hepatitis B Surface and E Antigens and Antibodies Against Hepatitis B Antigens and the Delta Agent
- Hepatitis A Tests: Anti-HAV, IgM, IgG
- Tests for Hepatitis C Virus
- HIV Testing
- Rapid Tests for HIV as Point of Care
- Home Tests for HIV
- Viral Load Tests
- Human T-Cell Lymphotropic Virus Types I and II
- West Nile Virus Test
- Serologic Tests for Syphilis
- Infectious Mononucleosis
- Streptococcal Infections
- Rubella
- Parvovirus B19 (Erythema Infectiosum or Fifth Disease)
- Toxoplasmosis
- Amebiasis
- Serologic Tests for Lyme Disease
- Serologic Tests for Helicobacter pylori
- Herpesvirus Family
- Cytomegalovirus Titers
- TORCH Screen
- Varicella-Zoster Antibody Titer
- HantaVirus
- Fungal Antibodies: Histoplasmosis and Coccidioidomycosis
- Fungal Antigens
- Immunologic Tests
- C-Reactive Protein Routine and High Sensitivity (Cardiac CRP)
- Complement Activity: C3, C4, and C1 Esterase Inhibitor
- Antinuclear Antibodies
- Other Tests for Systemic Lupus Erythematosus
- Rheumatoid Factor
- Thyroid Autoantibodies
- QUESTIONS
- References
- Websites
- Objectives
- Background Information
- Pituitary Tumors
- Growth Hormone or Somatotropin
- Prolactin
- Adrenal Cortex
- ACTH–Adrenal Axis
- Adrenocorticotropic Hormone
- Cortisol Plasma Levels
- Salivary Cortisol
- Adrenogenital Syndrome Associated with Congenital Adrenal Hyperplasia
- 17-Hydroxyprogesterone
- Urinary Measurement of the Adrenal Cortex Steroid Pregnanetriol
- Urinary Cortisol Levels
- Aldosterone, Plasma, and Urine
- Renin
- Catecholamines, Vanillylmandelic Acid, and Metanephrines
- Chromogranin A
- Parathormone or Parathyroid Hormone
- Thyroid Gland
- Home Test for TSH
- Thyrotropin or Thyroid-Stimulating Hormone
- L-Thyroxine Serum Concentration (Total T4)
- Triiodothyronine Serum Concentration (T3)
- Free T4 and Free Thyroxine Index
- Thyroglobulin Test
- Gonadotropins and the Sex-Related Hormones
- Follicle-Stimulating Hormone
- Home Test for FSH
- Luteinizing Hormone
- Home Test for LH
- Estradiol and Other Forms of Estrogen
- Progesterone
- Pregnanediol (Progesterone Metabolite)
- Estrogen and Progesterone Receptors
- Testosterone and Other Androgens
- QUESTIONS
- References
- Objectives
- Classification of Bacteria at Microscopic Examination
- Culture Growths
- Culture and Sensitivity Tests
- β-Lactamase Assay
- Minimal Inhibitory Concentration
- Minimum Bactericidal Content or Minimum Lethal Concentration
- Collecting Specimens for Culture
- Urine Cultures
- Blood Cultures
- Sputum Cultures and Acid-Fast Bacillus
- Wet Mounts of Sputum Specimens
- QuantiFERON-TB Gold Test (QFT-G)
- Throat Cultures
- Nasal Swabs and Nasopharyngeal Cultures
- Rapid Test for Influenza
- Rapid Test for Respiratory Syncytial Virus (RSV)
- Wound Cultures
- Eye Cultures
- Vaginal and Urethral Smears
- Rapid Tests for Trichomonas and Bacterial Vaginosis
- Vaginal Self-Test for Detecting pH Changes
- Stool Cultures
- Cultures of Cerebrospinal Fluid and Other Fluids
- QUESTIONS
- References
- Website
- Objectives
- Pharmacogenetic Testing for Drug Therapy
- Plasma Drug Levels
- Antibiotics: Aminoglycosides
- Antibiotics: Vancomycin
- Immunosuppressive Agents: Cyclosporine and Sirolimus
- Anticonvulsants
- Mood Stabilizer: Lithium Carbonate
- Tricyclic Antidepressants
- Bronchodilators: Theophylline Products
- Cardiac Drugs: Digoxin and Digitoxin
- Antiarrhythmic Drugs
- Salicylates: Acetylsalicylic Acid
- Acetaminophen
- Blood Alcohol (Ethanol)
- Transdermal Monitoring of Alcohol Levels
- Barbiturates
- Toxicology Screens in Blood and Urine
- Saliva-Based Drug Tests
- Home Drug Test Kits
- Bromide
- Lead
- QUESTIONS
- References
- Websites
- Objectives
- Pregnancy Tests
- Urine Pregnancy Tests
- Serum HCG Levels
- α-Fetoprotein
- Prenatal Screening for Down Syndrome: Serum Markers (Triple Screen)
- Dimeric Inhibin A (Fourth Marker)
- Pregnancy-Associated Plasma Protein A (PAPPA)
- HIV Screening
- Group B Streptococcus Screening
- Sickle Cell Anemia
- Thalassemia (Cooley’s Anemia)
- Tay–Sachs Disease
- Canavan Disease
- Gaucher Disease
- Inherited Thrombophilia During Pregnancy and Postpartum
- Tests for Preeclampsia
- Estriol Levels
- Biochemical Marker for Preterm Labor—Fetal Fibronectin (fFN)
- Newborn Screening
- Newborn Screening Tests and Other Genetic Testing
- Phenylketonuria
- Hypothyroidism
- Galactosemia
- Tests for Cystic Fibrosis (CF)
- Helping the Family of a Child with a Genetic Defect
- Cord Blood Banking and Stem Cell Research
- Use of DNA Samples for Genetic Testing and Identification
- QUESTIONS
- References
- Websites
USING LABORATORY DATA
HEMATOLOGY TESTS
ROUTINE URINALYSIS AND OTHER URINE TESTS
RENAL FUNCTION TESTS
FOUR COMMONLY MEASURED ELECTROLYTES
ARTERIAL BLOOD GASES AND RELATED TESTS
THREE LESS COMMONLY MEASURED ELECTROLYTES
TESTS TO MEASURE THE METABOLISM OF GLUCOSE AND OTHER SUGARS
TESTS TO MEASURE LIPID METABOLISM AND OTHER CARDIAC RISK FACTORS
TESTS RELATED TO SERUM PROTEIN LEVELS, TUMOR MARKERS, AND CANCER GENOMICS
TESTS TO MEASURE THE METABOLISM OF BILIRUBIN
TESTS TO MEASURE ENZYMES AND CARDIAC MARKERS
COAGULATION TESTS AND TESTS TO DETECT OCCULT BLOOD
SEROLOGIC TESTS: IMMUNOHEMATOLOGY MICROBIOLOGY AND IMMUNOLOGY
ENDOCRINE TESTS
CULTURE AND SENSITIVITY TESTS AND RAPID TESTS FOR INFECTIONS
THERAPEUTIC DRUG MONITORING AND TOXICOLOGY SCREENS
TESTS PERFORMED IN PREGNANCY, THE NEWBORN PERIOD, AND FOR GENETIC SCREENING
PART II CASE STUDIES
PART III DIAGNOSTIC PROCEDURES
- Objectives
- Reducing the Hazards of Radiation Exposure
- Nursing Diagnoses related to Radiographic Procedures
- Chest Radiographs or Chest X-rays
- Plain Radiographs of the Abdomen: Flat Plates, Three-Way Films, and KUB
- Bone or Skeletal Radiographs
- Upper GI Series and Small-Bowel Series
- Barium Enema Radiographs
- Cholangiograms: Intravenous, Operative, Transhepatic, and Endoscopic
- Intravenous Pyelograms
- Arteriograms and Digital Subtraction Angiograms
- Lymphangiograms (LAGs)
- Hysterosalpingograms
- Mammograms
- Myelograms
- Arthrograms
- QUESTIONS
- References
- Website
- Objectives
- Advantages and Disadvantages of Scans
- Picture Archiving Communication System (PACS)
- Full Body Scans for Screening Purposes
- Computed Tomography (CT)
- Dual Energy X-ray Absorptiometry (DEXA)
- Magnetic Resonance Imaging (MRI)
- Positron Emission Tomography (PET)
- Single Photon Emission Computed Tomography (SPECT)
- QUESTIONS
- References
- Websites
- Objectives
- General Information on Nuclear Medicine
- Nursing Diagnoses Related to Radionuclide Studies
- Bone Scans
- Brain Scans
- Gallium Scans
- Indium Scans or Leukocyte Imaging
- Sentinel Node Scans in Breast and Other Types of Cancer
- Breast Scan with Somatostatin Receptor Scintigraphy (SRS)
- Gallbladder Scans
- Gastrointestinal Scans
- Liver and Spleen Scans
- Lung Scans—Perfusion Images and Ventilation Studies
- Cardiac Scans
- Renal Scans
- Thyroid Scans
- RAI Uptake Study
- Compatibility and Red Blood Cell Survival
- Blood Volume Studies
- Schilling Test
- QUESTIONS
- References
- Website
- Objectives
- Ultrasound Principles
- Doppler Techniques
- Ankle-Brachial Index (ABI)
- Compression Ultrasound of Veins (CUS)
- Cerebral Circulation Scans
- Carotid Artery Scans for Intimal Medial Thickness
- Pelvic Sonograms: Ultrasound Scans in Pregnancy and Gynecologic Conditions
- Transvaginal Ultrasound Scanning
- Abdominal Sonograms
- Transrectal Ultrasound Scanning
- Transthoracic Echocardiograms
- Stress Echocardiograms
- Transesophageal Echocardiograms
- Echoencephalograms
- Thoracic Sonograms
- Breast Sonograms
- Bone Sonograms
- Bladder Sonograms
- Ultrasound Guided Peripheral Inserted Intravenous Catheters (PICC)
- QUESTIONS
- References
- Website
- Objectives
- Electrocardiography
- Electrocardiographic Imaging (ECGi)
- Telemetry and Cardiac Monitoring
- Ambulatory Electrocardiography
- Electroencephalography
- Quantitative Electroencephalograms (qEEG) or Brain Mapping
- Electromyelography
- Pulmonary Function Tests: Spirometry
- Peak Flow Meters
- Nitric Oxide Breath Test
- Urea Breath Test for Helicobacter pylori
- QUESTIONS
- References
- Objectives
- Nurses Role for Invasive Tests
- Lumbar Puncture
- Bone Marrow Aspiration or Biopsy
- Thoracentesis (Pleural Tap)
- Paracentesis (Abdominal Tap)
- Papanicolaou Smears or Exfoliative Cytologic Studies
- Cervical Cytology
- Human Papillomavirus (HPV) Testing
- Colposcopy, Cervical Biopsy, and Endometrial Biopsy
- Breast Biopsy and Needle Aspiration
- Liver Biopsy
- Renal Biopsy
- QUESTIONS
- References
- Website
- Objectives
- Nursing Diagnoses Related to Endoscopy
- Bronchoscopy
- Gastroscopy
- Esophagogastroduodenoscopy
- Endoscopic Retrograde Cholangiopancreatography (ERCP)
- Endoscopic Ultrasound (EUS) of the Gastrointestinal Tract
- Capsule Endoscopy (CE)
- Sigmoidoscopy and Proctoscopy
- Colonoscopy
- Cystoscopy and Ureteroscopy
- Laparoscopy
- Arthroscopy
- QUESTIONS
- References
- Objectives
- Basal Body Temperature
- Ovulation Tests for LH
- Saliva Ferning Tests to Detect Ovulation (Home Tests)
- Semen Analysis
- Postcoital Examination: Sims–Huhner Test
- Tubal Patency Tests, Hysterosalpingogram, and Tubal Insufflation (Rubin’s Test)
- Measurement of Hormones
- Other Fertility Tests and Treatment Options
- Amniocentesis
- Tests for Assessing Fetal Maturity (S/A Ratio and PG)
- Chorionic Villus Sampling
- Fetal Monitoring Nonstress Test
- Biophysical Profile (BPP)
- Contraction Challenge Test
- Nitrazine and Fern Tests for Ruptured Membranes
- QUESTIONS
- References
- Websites
DIAGNOSTIC RADIOLOGIC TESTS
BODY SCANS: CT, MRI, AND OTHERS
NUCLEAR SCANS: DIAGNOSTIC TESTS WITH RADIONUCLIDES OR RADIOISOTOPES
DIAGNOSTIC ULTRASONOGRAPHY
COMMON NONINVASIVE DIAGNOSTIC TESTS
COMMON INVASIVE TESTS
STRESS TESTS, CARDIAC CATHETERIZATIONS, ELECTROPHYSIOLOGIC STUDIES, AND SYNCOPE TESTS
ENDOSCOPIC PROCEDURES
DIAGNOSTIC PROCEDURES RELATED TO CHILDBEARING YEARS
APPENDIX A REFERENCE VALUES FOR NEWBORNS AND CHILDREN COMPARED WITH ADULT VALUES
APPENDIX B POSSIBLE ALTERATIONS IN REFERENCE VALUES FOR THE AGED
APPENDIX C ALTERED REFERENCE VALUES FOR COMMON LABORATORY TESTS IN NORMAL PREGNANCIES
APPENDIX D UNITS OF MEASURE
APPENDIX E ANSWERS TO QUESTIONS FOR PART I (LABORATORY TESTS)
APPENDIX F ANSWER TO QUESTIONS FOR PART III (DIAGNOSTIC PROCEDURES)
APPENDIX G SI CONVERSION FACTORS
APPENDIX H DIAGRAMS OF LABORATORY RESULTS
Topics within this title:
- amniocentesis
- Antibody
- Antigen
- Aspiration
- Bladder Tumor
- Cancer
- Colorectal Cancer
- Computed tomography
- Coronary Artery Disease
- CT
- Cystic Fibrosis
- Diabetes
- Diabetes Mellitus
- Down Syndrome
- ECG
- Electrocardiography
- Erythrocytosis
- Fibrosis
- Galactosemia
- Glycosuria
- Hepatitis
- Hepatitis A
- Hepatitis B
- Hepatitis C
- HIV
- HIV Seroconversion
- Hypercalcemia
- Hyperglycemia
- Hypocalcemia
- Hypoglycemia
- Hyponatremia
- Infectious Mononucleosis
- Influenza
- Iron Overload
- Lumbar Puncture
- Lymphopenia
- Magnetic resonance imaging
- MRI
- Neural Tube Defects
- Polycythemia
- Preeclampsia
- Proteinuria
- Respiratory Syncytial Virus
- Streptococcal Infections
- Stress
- Syncope
- Syndrome
- Syphilis
- Temperature
- Thyroid Disease
- Toxicity
- Toxoplasmosis
- Tumor
- Ventilation
- Virus
- von Willebrand Disease
- West Nile virus